Student Perceptions: The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Online Assignments at Affordable Universities in Jakarta, Indonesia.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.eduline3728Keywords:
artificial intelligence, e-learning, online assignment, new learning paradigm, ai-referencedAbstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become necessary for students to complete online assignments, which threatens the creativity and originality of student thinking. This study explores the background, frequency, and strategies of AI usage from the perspective of management study program students at affordable universities. The qualitative results show that all students use AI with very high frequency. Students consider using AI for (1) practicality, (2) speed, (3) accuracy, and (4) information sources. Students have become wise and intelligent in using AI and hope for the legitimacy of AI as an assistive tool. Students do not feel guilty about using AI as long as they do not engage in full plagiarism and cite other information sources beyond AI. The formation of a new paradigm or sub-paradigm is highly recommended, where AI is encouraged as a reference source and the learner as a quote. Further research development is suggested to use quantitative methods to examine the relationship between practicality, speed, accuracy, and information source on students' assignment outcomes using AI. It is also highly recommended to conduct further research on whether AI can be considered an official citation source and to make AI an official assistive tool for students at affordable universities.
References
Alam, M.K. (2020). A systematic qualitative case study: questions, data collection, NVivo analysis, and saturation. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal Vol. 16 No. 1 pp. 1-31. Emerald Publishing Limited 1746-5648. DOI 10.1108/FROM-09-2019-1825
Almulla, M.A. (2024). Investigating influencing factors of learning satisfaction in AI ChatGPT for research: University students perspective. Heliyon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32220
Beneitoa, P., Bosc, J.E. & Ferria, J. (2018). Tuition Fee. s and Student Effort at University. Economics of Education Review (2018), doi: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2018.03.012
Boddy, C.R. (2016). Sample size for qualitative research. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal Vol. 19 No. 4, 2016 pp. 426-432. Emerald Group Publishing Limited 1352-2752. DOI 10.1108/QMR-06-2016-0053
Casadesus, M., Llach, J., Matos, V. & Pons, M. (2024). REMOTE: First insights into assessing and evaluating remote. REMOTE: First insights into assessing and evaluating remote learning practices in STEM. Science Direct. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Chonraksuk, J. & Boonlue, S. (2024). Development of an AI predictive model to categorize and predict online learning behaviors of students in Thailand. Heliyon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32591
Crescentini, A., & Mainardi, G. (2009). Qualitative research articles: guidelines, suggestions, and needs. Journal of Workplace Learning Vol. 21 No. 5, pp. 431-439. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 1366-5626. DOI 10.1108/13665620910966820
Cusi, P.F., Sellens, J.T., Fernandez, J.A.F. & Sanchez, P.R.P. (2024). Sudden e-learning: Exploring the role of user intention, enjoyment, and habit on university students' well-being. Higher Education Quarterly published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12519
Darvishi, A., Khosravi, H., Sadiq, S., Gasevic, D. & Siemens, G. (2024). Impact of AI assistance on student agency. Computers & Education. Elseveir. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104967
Diao, J. (2021). Instructional design with the ICE approach in academic libraries: A framework that integrates assessing, learning, and teaching. The Journal of Academic Librarianship. Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2021.102402
Eva, T.P., Akter, S., Zabeen, M. & Shahriar, S.H.B. 2024. Exploring the future of learning: understanding the innovation in learning from the perspectives of developing nation. Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning. Emerald Publishing Limited. 2397-7604 DOI 10.1108/JRIT-04-2024-0095
Eton, M. & Chance, R. (2022). University e-learning methodologies and their financial implications: evidence from Uganda. Asian Association of Open Universities Journal Vol. 17 No. 3, 2022 pp. 229-241 Emerald Publishing Limited e-ISSN: 2414-6994 p-ISSN: 1858-3431 DOI 10.1108/AAOUJ-05-2022-0069
Fleckenstein, J., Meyer, J., Jansen, T., Keller, S.D., Koller, O. & Moller, J. (2024). Do teachers spot AI? Evaluating the detectability of AI-generated texts among student essays. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence. Elseveir. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100209
Fostaty Young, S., & Wilson, R. T. (2000). Assessment and learning: The ICE approach. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Portage & Main Press.
Gaffney, M.A., Ryan, D. &Wurst, C. (2010). Do Online homework systems improve student performance? Advances in Accounting Education: Teaching and Curriculum Innovations, Volume 11, 49–68. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. ISSN: 1085-4622/doi:10.1108/S1085-4622(2010)0000011005
Hannan, E. & Liu, S. (2021). AI: new source of competitiveness in higher education. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal Vol. 33 No. 2, 2023 pp. 265-279 © Emerald Publishing Limited 1059-5422 DOI 10.1108/CR-03-2021-0045
Huang, Y., Xiong, Z., Liu, D. & Zhamg, Y. (2024). College students’ satisfaction with online teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from Hubei Province, China. Heliyon. Science Direct. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28579
Huntington, B., Goulding, J. & Pitchford, N.J. (2023). Expert perspectives on how educational technology may support autonomous learning for remote out-of-school children in low-income contexts. International Journal of Educational Research Open. Elseveir. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2023.100263
Hornberger, M., Bewersdorff, A. & Nerdel C. (2023). What do university students know about Artificial Intelligence? Development and validation of an AI literacy test. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence. Elseveir. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100165
Ifenthaler, L.C.D., Yau, J.Y.K. & Sun, W. (2024). Artificial intelligence in entrepreneurship education: a scoping review. AI in business education. Emerald Publishing Limited. 0040-0912 DOI 10.1108/ET-05-2023-0169
Johansson, R. (2007). On Case Study Methodology. Open House International Vol 32, No.3. Royal Institute of Technology. USA
Leelavathi, R & Surendhranatha, R.C. (2024). ChatGPT in the classroom: navigating the generative AI wave in management education. Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning. Emerald Publishing Limited. 2397-7604 DOI 10.1108/JRIT-01-2024-0017
Magalhaes, P., Ferreira, D., Cunha, J. & Rosario, P. (2020). Online vs traditional homework: A systematic review on the benefits to students’ performance. Computers & Education. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103869
Matete, R.E., Kimario, A.E. & Behera, N.P. (2023). Review on the use of eLearning in teacher education during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in Africa. Heliyon. Elseveir. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13308
Ng, D.T.K., Tan, C.W. & Leung, J.K. (2024). Empowering student self-regulated learning and science education through ChatGPT: A pioneering pilot study. British Journal of Educational Technology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Educational Research Association. DOI: 10.1111/bjet.13454
Nouraldeen, R.M. (2023). The impact of technology readiness and use perceptions on students’ adoption of artificial intelligence: the moderating role of gender. Development and Learning in Organizations: an International Journal. © Emerald Publishing Limited, ISSN 1477-7282. DOI 10.1108/DLO-07-2022-0133
Obidat, A.H., Alquraan, M. & Obeidat, M.A. (2020). Data on factors characterizing the eLearning experience of secondary school teachers and university undergraduate students in Jordan. Data in Brief. Elseveir. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.106402
Rarugal, J.P. & Sermona, N.L. (2023). Seventh Information Systems International Conference (ISICO 2023): Development and Evaluation of Remote Learning Management System using Intranet Network for Hinterland Schools. Science Direct. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Rodrigues, M., Silva, R., Borges, A.P., Franco, M. & Oliveira, C. (2023). Artificial intelligence: threat or asset to academic integrity? A bibliometric analysis. Kybernetes © Emerald Publishing Limited 0368-492X. DOI 10.1108/K-09-2023-1666
Rowley, j. (2002). Using Case Studies in Research. Management Research News Volume 25 Number 1. The School of Management and Social Sciences, Edge Hill College of Higher Education, Ormskirk, Lancashire, England L39 4QP.
Safkaur, O., Blesia, J.U., Matani, C., Patma, K. & Sesa, P. (2023). Learning experience of accounting students during the COVID-19 pandemic: West Papuan perspectives of online learning in Indonesia. Pacific Accounting Review. Learning Experience Vol. 35 No. 5, 2023 pp. 839-862. © Emerald Publishing Limited. 0114-0582. DOI 10.1108/PAR-04-2022-0053
Selvam, D.R., Xavier, S., Kasinathan, P., Wadaan, M.A., Khan, M.F. & David, M.S.K. (2023). Causes of higher levels of stress among students in higher education who used eLearning platforms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Science Direct. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2023.102653
Segbenya, M., Minadzi, V.M., Bervell, B. & Somuah, B.A. (2024). Online teaching intention among distance education course tutors: Modelling the effects of human resource factors and moderating role of gender. Computers in Human Behavior Reports. Elseveir. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100380
Steele, J.L. (2023). To GPT or not GPT? Empowering our students to learn with AI. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence. Elseveir. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100160
Stohr, C., Ou, A.W. & Malmstrom, H. (2024). Perceptions and usage of AI chatbots among students in higher education across genders, academic levels and fields of study. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100259
Tracy, S. J. (2019). Qualitative Research Methods (2nd ed.). Wiley Global Research (STMS). https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9781119390800
Wood, D. & Moss, S. (2024). Evaluating the impact of students’ generative AI use in educational contexts. Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning. Emerald Publishing Limited 2397-7604 DOI 10.1108/JRIT-06-2024-0151
Xiao, Y., Liu, X. & Zhu, Y. (2024). Disentangling the mechanism of student engagement in online language classrooms from the perspective of Community of Inquiry. Heliyon. Elseveir. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31934.
Yin, R.K. (2012). Application of Case Study Research. Sage Publication, Inc. USA. ISBN 978-1-4129-8916-9(pbk)
Almulla, M.A. (2024). Investigating influencing factors of learning satisfaction in AI ChatGPT for research: University students perspective. Heliyon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32220
Beneitoa, P., Bosc, J.E. & Ferria, J. (2018). Tuition Fee. s and Student Effort at University. Economics of Education Review (2018), doi: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2018.03.012
Boddy, C.R. (2016). Sample size for qualitative research. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal Vol. 19 No. 4, 2016 pp. 426-432. Emerald Group Publishing Limited 1352-2752. DOI 10.1108/QMR-06-2016-0053
Casadesus, M., Llach, J., Matos, V. & Pons, M. (2024). REMOTE: First insights into assessing and evaluating remote. REMOTE: First insights into assessing and evaluating remote learning practices in STEM. Science Direct. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Chonraksuk, J. & Boonlue, S. (2024). Development of an AI predictive model to categorize and predict online learning behaviors of students in Thailand. Heliyon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32591
Crescentini, A., & Mainardi, G. (2009). Qualitative research articles: guidelines, suggestions, and needs. Journal of Workplace Learning Vol. 21 No. 5, pp. 431-439. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 1366-5626. DOI 10.1108/13665620910966820
Cusi, P.F., Sellens, J.T., Fernandez, J.A.F. & Sanchez, P.R.P. (2024). Sudden e-learning: Exploring the role of user intention, enjoyment, and habit on university students' well-being. Higher Education Quarterly published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12519
Darvishi, A., Khosravi, H., Sadiq, S., Gasevic, D. & Siemens, G. (2024). Impact of AI assistance on student agency. Computers & Education. Elseveir. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104967
Diao, J. (2021). Instructional design with the ICE approach in academic libraries: A framework that integrates assessing, learning, and teaching. The Journal of Academic Librarianship. Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2021.102402
Eva, T.P., Akter, S., Zabeen, M. & Shahriar, S.H.B. 2024. Exploring the future of learning: understanding the innovation in learning from the perspectives of developing nation. Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning. Emerald Publishing Limited. 2397-7604 DOI 10.1108/JRIT-04-2024-0095
Eton, M. & Chance, R. (2022). University e-learning methodologies and their financial implications: evidence from Uganda. Asian Association of Open Universities Journal Vol. 17 No. 3, 2022 pp. 229-241 Emerald Publishing Limited e-ISSN: 2414-6994 p-ISSN: 1858-3431 DOI 10.1108/AAOUJ-05-2022-0069
Fleckenstein, J., Meyer, J., Jansen, T., Keller, S.D., Koller, O. & Moller, J. (2024). Do teachers spot AI? Evaluating the detectability of AI-generated texts among student essays. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence. Elseveir. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100209
Fostaty Young, S., & Wilson, R. T. (2000). Assessment and learning: The ICE approach. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Portage & Main Press.
Gaffney, M.A., Ryan, D. &Wurst, C. (2010). Do Online homework systems improve student performance? Advances in Accounting Education: Teaching and Curriculum Innovations, Volume 11, 49–68. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. ISSN: 1085-4622/doi:10.1108/S1085-4622(2010)0000011005
Hannan, E. & Liu, S. (2021). AI: new source of competitiveness in higher education. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal Vol. 33 No. 2, 2023 pp. 265-279 © Emerald Publishing Limited 1059-5422 DOI 10.1108/CR-03-2021-0045
Huang, Y., Xiong, Z., Liu, D. & Zhamg, Y. (2024). College students’ satisfaction with online teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from Hubei Province, China. Heliyon. Science Direct. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28579
Huntington, B., Goulding, J. & Pitchford, N.J. (2023). Expert perspectives on how educational technology may support autonomous learning for remote out-of-school children in low-income contexts. International Journal of Educational Research Open. Elseveir. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2023.100263
Hornberger, M., Bewersdorff, A. & Nerdel C. (2023). What do university students know about Artificial Intelligence? Development and validation of an AI literacy test. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence. Elseveir. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100165
Ifenthaler, L.C.D., Yau, J.Y.K. & Sun, W. (2024). Artificial intelligence in entrepreneurship education: a scoping review. AI in business education. Emerald Publishing Limited. 0040-0912 DOI 10.1108/ET-05-2023-0169
Johansson, R. (2007). On Case Study Methodology. Open House International Vol 32, No.3. Royal Institute of Technology. USA
Leelavathi, R & Surendhranatha, R.C. (2024). ChatGPT in the classroom: navigating the generative AI wave in management education. Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning. Emerald Publishing Limited. 2397-7604 DOI 10.1108/JRIT-01-2024-0017
Magalhaes, P., Ferreira, D., Cunha, J. & Rosario, P. (2020). Online vs traditional homework: A systematic review on the benefits to students’ performance. Computers & Education. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103869
Matete, R.E., Kimario, A.E. & Behera, N.P. (2023). Review on the use of eLearning in teacher education during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in Africa. Heliyon. Elseveir. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13308
Ng, D.T.K., Tan, C.W. & Leung, J.K. (2024). Empowering student self-regulated learning and science education through ChatGPT: A pioneering pilot study. British Journal of Educational Technology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Educational Research Association. DOI: 10.1111/bjet.13454
Nouraldeen, R.M. (2023). The impact of technology readiness and use perceptions on students’ adoption of artificial intelligence: the moderating role of gender. Development and Learning in Organizations: an International Journal. © Emerald Publishing Limited, ISSN 1477-7282. DOI 10.1108/DLO-07-2022-0133
Obidat, A.H., Alquraan, M. & Obeidat, M.A. (2020). Data on factors characterizing the eLearning experience of secondary school teachers and university undergraduate students in Jordan. Data in Brief. Elseveir. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.106402
Rarugal, J.P. & Sermona, N.L. (2023). Seventh Information Systems International Conference (ISICO 2023): Development and Evaluation of Remote Learning Management System using Intranet Network for Hinterland Schools. Science Direct. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Rodrigues, M., Silva, R., Borges, A.P., Franco, M. & Oliveira, C. (2023). Artificial intelligence: threat or asset to academic integrity? A bibliometric analysis. Kybernetes © Emerald Publishing Limited 0368-492X. DOI 10.1108/K-09-2023-1666
Rowley, j. (2002). Using Case Studies in Research. Management Research News Volume 25 Number 1. The School of Management and Social Sciences, Edge Hill College of Higher Education, Ormskirk, Lancashire, England L39 4QP.
Safkaur, O., Blesia, J.U., Matani, C., Patma, K. & Sesa, P. (2023). Learning experience of accounting students during the COVID-19 pandemic: West Papuan perspectives of online learning in Indonesia. Pacific Accounting Review. Learning Experience Vol. 35 No. 5, 2023 pp. 839-862. © Emerald Publishing Limited. 0114-0582. DOI 10.1108/PAR-04-2022-0053
Selvam, D.R., Xavier, S., Kasinathan, P., Wadaan, M.A., Khan, M.F. & David, M.S.K. (2023). Causes of higher levels of stress among students in higher education who used eLearning platforms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Science Direct. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2023.102653
Segbenya, M., Minadzi, V.M., Bervell, B. & Somuah, B.A. (2024). Online teaching intention among distance education course tutors: Modelling the effects of human resource factors and moderating role of gender. Computers in Human Behavior Reports. Elseveir. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100380
Steele, J.L. (2023). To GPT or not GPT? Empowering our students to learn with AI. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence. Elseveir. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100160
Stohr, C., Ou, A.W. & Malmstrom, H. (2024). Perceptions and usage of AI chatbots among students in higher education across genders, academic levels and fields of study. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100259
Tracy, S. J. (2019). Qualitative Research Methods (2nd ed.). Wiley Global Research (STMS). https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9781119390800
Wood, D. & Moss, S. (2024). Evaluating the impact of students’ generative AI use in educational contexts. Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning. Emerald Publishing Limited 2397-7604 DOI 10.1108/JRIT-06-2024-0151
Xiao, Y., Liu, X. & Zhu, Y. (2024). Disentangling the mechanism of student engagement in online language classrooms from the perspective of Community of Inquiry. Heliyon. Elseveir. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31934.
Yin, R.K. (2012). Application of Case Study Research. Sage Publication, Inc. USA. ISBN 978-1-4129-8916-9(pbk)
Downloads
Published
2025-02-23
How to Cite
Rachman, I., & Donald, E. (2025). Student Perceptions: The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Online Assignments at Affordable Universities in Jakarta, Indonesia. EduLine: Journal of Education and Learning Innovation, 5(1), 195–203. https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.eduline3728
Issue
Section
Articles
